Cumplimiento de los objetivos nutricionales durante el uso de Dispositivos de Asistencia Ventricular

Antecedentes: Los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular (VAD, sigla en inglés) se utilizan cada vez más para el manejo de la insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada en unidades de cuidados intensivos. El manejo nutricional es fundamental para la evolución clínica de estos pacientes. Objetivos: El objetivo fue evaluar en cuánto tiempo se puede alcanzar las necesidades nutricionales, utilizando distintas modalidades de apoyo nutricional, en pacientes que requirieron asistencia con VAD por insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en una clínica privada del país. Métodos: En una clínica privada se efectuó un estudio observacional retrospectivo analizando los datos clínicos relacionados al aporte nutricional de 12 pacientes que requirieron asistencia con VAD. Las vías de aporte nutricional evaluadas fueron la nutrición enteral (NE) y/o nutrición parenteral (NP). Se midió el tiempo de implementación del apoyo nutricional y su efecto se estimó por una valoración nutricional subjetiva y por la medición de indicadores de laboratorio. Además, se vigilaron las complicaciones asociadas al aporte nutricional. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 12 pacientes. Los objetivos nutricionales se alcanzaron por completo en el 91% de los pacientes (n=11) en 3,7 ± 1 días después de iniciado el apoyo nutricional. En ese momento, 5 pacientes recibían NE exclusiva, 4 pacientes NP complementaria a la NE, 1 paciente NE complementaria a la alimentación oral y 1 paciente con vía oral. Al momento de alcanzar los requerimientos nutricionales ningún paciente tenía NP exclusiva. Conclusión: Concluimos que el apoyo nutricional precoz es factible y seguro en pacientes con VAD. Alcanzar los objetivos nutricionales es posible sin efectos adversos graves. Se necesitan estudios futuros para determinar el beneficio a largo plazo del apoyo nutricional agresivo para pacientes en estado crítico que requieren apoyo hemodinámico.

Background: Ventricular assist devices (VAD) are being used more frequently in patients with severe heart failure. Nutritional support is a critical factor for the outcome in these patients. Aim: to evaluate the time required and mode of nutritional support in patients with severe cardiac dysfunction being treated with VAD. Methods: 12 patients with VAD being treated in an intensive care unit were evaluated to determine the time and mode of support required to achieve adequate nutrition. Enteral and / or parenteral modes of nutritional support were used. The outcomes were evaluated by subjective appreciation, weight measurement and serum levels of albumin, pre-albumin and vitamin D. Results: Adequate nutritional support was achieved in 91% of patients a mean of 3 days after beginning of treatment (SD 1 day). At that time 5 patients were receiving only enteral nutrition, 4 patients enteral and parenteral nutrition, 1 patient enteral nutrition in addition to oral nutrition and 1 patients was receiving only oral nutrition. No patient was receiving only parenteral nutrition. Conclusion: early nutritional support is posible and safe in patients with an VAD. Further studies are needed to evaluate long term benefits of this strategy of nutritional support.

Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO): una mirada desde la prevención de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) / Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): an infection control perspective

Resumen La aparición de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 el año 2020 nos enfrentó a un aumento creciente y exponencial de pacientes con riesgo vital por falla respiratoria catastrófica y multisistémica que deben ser sometidos a ECMO para sobrevivir. Esto ha generado en nuestro país la aparición de Unidades de Tratamiento (ECMO) en hospitales en que antes no se disponía de este recurso o se realizaba como parte de las intervenciones en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), lo que constituye un nuevo desafío a los programas de control y prevención de infecciones de los centros de salud. Dado que al momento de la redacción de este documento no existe normativa nacional específica que se refiera a este tema, se propone un enfoque para prevención, control y vigilancia de infecciones asociadas a atención de salud en pacientes ECMO. Se presenta una revisión de los riesgos específicos a que están expuestos estos pacientes, definiendo qué medidas de prevención se requieren, proponiendo un conjunto de medidas específicas para instalación y mantención, así como orientación respecto de antibioprofilaxis y se sugiere qué eventos infecciosos vigilar.

Abstract The advent of SARS-CoV-2 disease in 2020 confronts us with a growing and exponential increase in patients at life risk due to catastrophic and multisystemic respiratory failure in need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to survive. This has generated in our country the establishment of ECMO treatment Units in hospitals where it was not carried out before or was carried out as part the interventions in Intensive Care Units (ICU), becoming a new challenge to the infection control and prevention programs. Given that at the time of writing this document there are no specific national regulations that refer to this issue, an approach is proposed for the prevention control and surveillance of nosocomial acquired infections in ECMO patients. A review of the specific risks to which these patients are exposed is presented, defining which prevention measures are required, proposing a specific bundle for installation and maintenance, as well as guidance regarding antibioprophylaxis and suggesting which infectious events to monitor.

Jugos de fruta y productos herbáceos como perpetradores de interacciones farmacocinéticas mediadas por enzimas metabolizadoras y transportadores de membrana. Relevancia en clínica / Pharmacokinetic interactions of fruit juices and herbal preparations

Drug disposition in the human body is strongly influenced by transporters and metabolizing enzymes expressed in key organs including intestine, liver and kidney. Since drugs and chemicals present in foods such as fruit juices and herb-based products are substrates of the above-mentioned proteins, there is a high probability of pharmacokinetic interactions. Findings from preclinical and clinical studies helped to characterize the mechanisms by which the components of fruit juices and herbs act as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic interactions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of pharmacokinetic fruit juice- and herb-drug interactions that could be relevant in the clinical setting.

Análisis de la calidad de la anticoagulación con antagonistas de la vitamina K en tres escenarios clínicos en México / Analysis of the quality of anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists in three clinical scenarios in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Los antagonista de la vitamina K (AVK) son una alternativa terapéutica en los pacientes con enfermedad tromboembólica venosa; sin embargo, numerosos factores afectan su farmacología. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la anticoagulación AVK durante tres diferentes periodos en México. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, anidado en cohortes de pacientes en tres escenarios clínicos entre los años 2013-2019. Se incluyeron pacientes no hospitalizados con indicación para recibir AVK por al menos 12 meses, quienes fueron manejados de acuerdo con el criterio del médico tratante. Resultados: Las características generales de los pacientes fueron similares entre los grupos, excepto por la indicación para usar los AVK. Se analizaron los resultados de 4148 pacientes y 38 548 evaluaciones de INR. Los tiempos en rango terapéutico durante las tres fases del estudio y los datos acumulados fueron significativamente mayores en la clínica de anticoagulación. Solo el número de visitas de control de los pacientes se asoció significativamente con los resultados, a diferencia de la edad, el sexo y el tipo de AVK. Conclusiones: Los AVK se utilizan ampliamente, pero es difícil alcanzar la meta terapéutica, sobre todo en servicios clínicos no especializados. La creación de clínicas de anticoagulación es una necesidad urgente en el sistema mexicano de salud.

Abstract Introduction: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are a therapeutic alternative in patients with venous thromboembolic disease; however, numerous factors affect their pharmacology. Objective: To evaluate the quality of VKA anticoagulation at three different time periods in Mexico. Methods: Prospective study, nested in patient cohorts at three different clinical scenarios between 2013 and 2019. Outpatients with indication for treatment with VKAs for at least 12 months were included. Patients were managed according to the criteria of the treating physician. Results: Patient general characteristics were similar between groups, except for the VKA indication. The results of 4,148 patients and 38,548 INR assessments were analyzed. The times in therapeutic range during the three phases of the study and pooled data were significantly higher for the anticoagulation clinic. Only the number of patient visits was significantly associated with the results, unlike age, gender, and type of VKA. Conclusions: VKAs are widely used, but it is difficult for therapeutic goals to be achieved, especially in non-specialized clinical services. Creation of anticoagulation clinics is an urgent need for the Mexican health system.

A propósito de la contingencia COVID-19. ECMO en el adulto: Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. A quién, cómo y cuándo / With regard to COVID-19 contingency. ECMO in adults. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation). To whom, how and when

ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) is an extracorporeal life support system in catastrophic lung failure, shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in different age groups, with multiple physiologic features. When the candidate to be submitted is too unstable to be transported to a hospital with ECMO, cannulation before transfer allows stabilization and subsequent transport. The aim of this article is to review the current concepts of extracorporeal support, its indications, national and international experience, and its possible role in the SARS-Cov2 pandemic.

Argumentos de la industria alimentaria en contra del etiquetado frontal de advertencias nutricionales en Uruguay / Food industry arguments against front-of-package nutrition labels in Uruguay / Argumentos da indústria alimentícia contra a rotulagem frontal de advertência nutricional no Uruguai

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los argumentos de la industria alimentaria en contra del etiquetado frontal de advertenciasnutricionales en Uruguay. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los comentarios de la industria alimentaria recibidos durante la consulta pública implementada durante el proceso de diseño del decreto que reglamenta la inclusión de rotulación nutricional frontal basada en advertencias en Uruguay mediante una codificación inductiva. Resultados. La mayoría de los comentarios manifestaron la preocupación por la elevada prevalencia de obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles en el país y destacaron el compromiso con la implementación de acciones que contribuyan a combatir esta problemática de salud. Sin embargo, 81% de los comentarios planteó desacuerdo con la propuesta de decreto elevada a consulta pública y realizó críticas generales sobre su validez. El contenido de los comentarios se relacionó con siete dimensiones: falta de justificación de la medida, violación de compromisos internacionales, críticas al sistema de advertencias, discriminación a alimentos industrializados envasados, críticas al modelo de perfil de nutrientes, otras críticas a aspectos específicos del proyecto de decreto y efectos económicos negativos. En cada dimensión se discute la pertinencia y consistencia técnica y normativa de los contenidos vertidos por los representantes de la industria. Conclusiones. Bajo un aparente acuerdo con la necesidad de adoptar medidas, se evidenció, sin embargo, una fuerte oposición a la política y en particular al sistema de advertencias por parte de la industria alimentaria. Los resultados del análisis aportan insumos para facilitar el proceso de implementación de regulaciones similares en otros países.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the food industry's arguments against front-of-package nutrition labels in Uruguay. Methods. Content analysis and inductive coding were applied to the comments made by the food industry during the public consultation on the draft decree regulating the inclusion of front-of-package nutrition labels (warnings) in Uruguay. Results. Most of the comments expressed concern about the high prevalence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases in the country and emphasized a commitment to implementing actions to help combat these health problems. However, 81% of the comments disagreed with the draft decree presented for public consultation; these included general criticisms of its validity. The content of the comments related to seven areas: lack of rationale for the measure; violation of international commitments; criticisms of the warning system; discrimination against industrialized packaged food; criticisms of the nutrient profile model; other criticisms of aspects specific to the draft decree; and adverse economic effects. For each area, there is discussion of the technical and normative relevance and consistency of the content presented by the industry representatives. Conclusions. Despite apparent agreement about the need to adopt measures, it is clear that the food industry is strongly opposed to the policy and, in particular, to the warning system. The results of this analysis may help to facilitate the process of implementing similar regulations in other countries.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar os argumentos da indústria alimentícia contra a rotulagem frontal de advertência nutricional no Uruguai. Métodos. Realizou-se uma análise do conteúdo dos comentários de representantes da indústria alimentícia obtidos em uma consulta pública conduzida no Uruguai durante o processo de elaboração do decreto para regulamentar a inclusão de rotulagem frontal de advertência nutricional com uso de códigos indutivos. Resultados. Os comentários, na sua maioria, revelaram preocupação com a alta prevalência de obesidade e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no país e destacaram o compromisso com a implementação de ações para combater estes problemas de saúde. No entanto, verificou-se que, em 81% dos comentários, os participantes discordavam da proposta do decreto apresentada na consulta pública e teceram críticas gerais quanto à sua validade. Observaram-se sete dimensões distintas no conteúdo dos comentários: falta de justificação da medida, descumprimento de compromissos internacionais, críticas ao sistema de advertência, discriminação de alimentos industrializados em embalagens, críticas ao modelo de perfil nutricional, outras críticas relativas a aspectos específicos do projeto do decreto e repercussão econômica negativa. Para cada dimensão, foram discutidas a relevância e a coerência técnica e normativa do conteúdo dos comentários feitos pelos representantes da indústria. Conclusões. Apesar de uma suposta concordância quanto à necessidade de adotar medidas, observou-se uma firme oposição da indústria alimentícia à política e, em particular, ao sistema de advertência nutricional propostos. Os resultados desta análise servem para facilitar o processo de implementação de regulamentações semelhantes em outros países.(AU)

Menisco lateral hipermóvil: diagnóstico y tratamiento de lesiones de fascículos poplíteo meniscales / Hypermobile lateral meniscus: diagnosis and treatment of popliteomeniscal fasciculi injuries

El Síndrome de Menisco Hipermóvil, caracterizado por bloqueos mecánicos dolorosos de la rodilla, tiene un sustento anatómico basado en los fascículos poplíteo meniscales anteroinferior y posterosuperior, responsables de la estabilidad primaria de la esquina posterolateral meniscal. Con un cuadro clínico característico, usualmente con Resonancia Magnética sin hallazgos sugerentes de patología, la artroscopía juega un rol esencial en casos de alta sospecha, comprobando el diagnóstico al presentar hipermobilidad del cuerno posterior del menisco lateral. MÉTODO: Se presentan 9 casos resueltos, con hiperlaxitud posterolateral meniscal, y presentación clínica caracterizada por bloqueo articular de rodilla sin causa aparente. En todos los casos se realizó reparación de los fascículos poplíteo meniscales con suturas meniscales, con resolución completa de la sintomatología y sin complicaciones post quirúrgicas. CONCLUSIÓN: El manejo del cuadro de menisco hipermóvil está basado por la sospecha clínica y el descarte de otras patologías como causa subyacente de la sintomatología. El manejo quirúrgico con suturas meniscales ha demostrado restaurar la biomecánica normal del compartimento posterolateral de la rodilla, logrando la resolución completa de los síntomas. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: IV.

Hypermobile Meniscus Syndrome, characterized by painful mechanical blockages of the knee, has an anatomical support based on the anteroinferior and posterosuperior poplíteomeniscal fascicles, responsible for the primary stability of the posterolateral meniscal corner. With a characteristic clinical presentation, usually with Magnetic Resonance without suggestive findings of pathology, arthroscopy plays an essential role in cases of high suspicion, checking the diagnosis by presenting hypermobility of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. METHOD: We present 9 resolved cases, with posterolateral meniscal hypermobility, and clinical presentation characterized by knee articular block without apparent cause. In all cases, poplíteomeniscal fascicles were repaired with meniscal sutures, with complete resolution of the symptoms and without post-surgical complications. CONCLUSION: The management of the hypermobile meniscus syndrome is based on clinical suspicion and the discarding of other pathologies as the underlying cause of the symptomatology. Surgical management with meniscal sutures has been shown to restore the normal biomechanics of the posterolateral compartment of the knee, achieving complete resolution of symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series IV.

Cirugía robótica en artroplastia de rodilla / Robotic surgery in knee arthroplasty

La cirugía protésica de rodilla es un procedimiento ampliamente aceptado como etapa final del tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla, con sobrevida que supera el 90% a 10­15 años. Dentro de las principales causas de fallo, se encuentran la infección (20,4%) y el aflojamiento mecánico (20,3%). El uso de ayudas tecnológicas en cirugía está en constante desarrollo, con el objetivo de mejorar la precisión del acto quirúrgico. En ese escenario, la Cirugía Asistida por Computador (CAS) en artroplastia de rodilla, crece de forma exponencial, y apunta a mejorar el posicionamiento y selección del tamaño de los componentes protésicos, aumentar la precisión de las resecciones óseas y mejorar el balance de los tejidos blandos, logrando así una mayor sobrevida del implante. En comparación a las técnicas convencionales, la cirugía robótica ha mostrado mejores resultados funcionales, al primer año de seguimiento, en términos de rango articular, menor dolor post-operatorio y menor tiempo de estadía hospitalaria. Pero todavía es necesario establecer si, a largo plazo, esas diferencias funcionales se traducirán en mejores resultados clínicos que permitan, de forma consistente, inclinar la balanza en favor de la técnica asistida por robot por sobre las técnicas tradicionales.

Prosthetic knee surgery is a widely accepted procedure as the final stage in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, with survival rate over 90% at 10 - 15 years. Among the main causes of failure are infection (20.4%) and mechanical loosening (20.3%). The use of technological aids in surgery is in constant development, with the aim of improving the accuracy of the surgical act. In this scenario, Computer-Aided Surgery (CAS) in knee arthroplasty grows exponentially, and aims to improve the positioning and selection of the size of the prosthetic components, increase the accuracy of bone resections and improve the balance of soft tissues, thus achieving a greater survival of the implant. Compared to conventional techniques, robotic surgery has shown better functional results at the first year of follow-up, in terms of joint range, less post-operative pain and shorter hospital stay. It is still necessary to establish whether, in the long term, these functional differences will result in better clinical results that will allow - in a consistent manner - to tip the balance in favor of robot-assisted technique over traditional techniques.

Reanimación cardiopulmonar extracorpórea: caso clínico de paro cardiaco extra hospitalario / Extracorporeal cardiopulmonay resuscitation: case report on an out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest

Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (OHCA) is highly lethal. Although overall survival is increasing, hospital discharge with good neurological prognosis remains low and highly variable. In some countries, protocols are being implemented, which include techniques in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, allowing a better neurological prognosis for those patients who undergo an OHCA. Following these new techniques and the incorporation of these new protocols already accepted in the guidelines of advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation, we report a 54 years old male who presented an OHCA and received advanced cardiopulmonary by a professional team in situ. He was transferred to the emergency department, where optimal advanced resuscitation was continued, until the connection to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support, with the aim of reestablishing blood flow, a technique known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR: extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation). The patient was discharged from the hospital 25 days later.

Terapia de reemplazo renal continua en el paciente con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea: consideraciones para la combinación de ambas terapias / Continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

The presence of renal dysfunction is not unusual in patients with pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction who require rescue with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The complexity, implicit in the implementation of both techniques, can be overwhelming. This review aims to explain the most important aspects of continuous renal replacement therapy in a patient with extracorporeal support.

Recomendaciones de manejo de pacientes con asistencia circulatoria mecánica de corta duración / Recommendations for the management of patients with short-term mechanical circulatory assistance

There has been a progressive increase in the use of mechanical circulatory support in our country in the last years, mainly in the short-term: as a bridge to cardiac transplant or recovery, which has allowed to rescue patients from a population that concentrates high rates of complications and mortality. This motivated that the Ministry of Health convened a series of experts in the area of heart failure, transplantation and mechanical circulatory support, representatives of different public and private health centers in Chile, with the objective of developing recommendations on the use of short-term mechanical assistance devices, which would serve as a reference for the proper management of these patients. This clinical experts consensus document contains topics related to: definitions and general concepts; indications; contraindications; specific aspects of starting, follow-up and weaning of the devices; process of transfer of patients in circulatory assistance from one center to another and finally criteria of organization, means and competences to be fulfilled by the centers that offer this therapeutic option.

Análisis de la gobernanza en la implementación del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile / Analysis of Governance in the Implementation of the Chilean Community Mental Health Model / Análise da governança na implementação do modelo comunitário de saúde mental no Chile

RESUMEN El presente artículo describe y analiza el rol que ha jugado la gobernanza en el desarrollo del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile. Se describen y analizan cinco dimensiones de la gobernanza: 1) el desarrollo de una serie de estrategias para favorecer la participación de los usuarios de servicios de salud mental ha logrado resultados insuficientes; 2) la implementación de tres planes nacionales de salud mental, que han mantenido la misma visión estratégica a lo largo de tres décadas, han contribuido a aumentar la accesibilidad a la atención comunitaria de las personas con enfermedades mentales y disminuir el rol de los hospitales psiquiátricos; 3) la inexistencia de una ley de salud mental persiste aún como un desafío, aunque haya sido parcialmente compensada por distintas leyes y decretos; 4) las regulaciones en la asignación de los recursos financieros, la formación del recurso humano y las directrices técnicas han contribuido a mejorar el acceso y la calidad de la atención; y 5) la construcción progresiva de un sistema de información en salud mental ha permitido conocer principalmente las tasas de acceso, las brechas de tratamiento y las inequidades geográficas. La experiencia chilena confirma la importancia de aplicar un conjunto de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza, para favorecer el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud mental. El tipo de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza podrán variar en los distintos países según los contextos y las ventanas de oportunidades.

ABSTRACT This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

RESUMO O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

Land use and biotic integrity in shallow streams of the Hondo River basin, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico / Uso del suelo e integridad biótica en arroyos someros de la cuenca del río Hondo, península de Yucatán, México

Abstract Aquatic environments face a variety of threats in the Hondo River basin, Southeastern Yucatán Peninsula. Some of these impacts, like pollution by pesticides, may depend on land use and cover. Our objective was to assess the effect of land use/cover using a previously published index of biotic integrity (IBI), based on fishes and designed for shallow streams in the Hondo River basin. Our hypothesis was that land uses that cause deforestation and pollution, such as urbanization, cattle breeding, or sugar cane fields, would be reflected in low IBI values, at least at some spatial scales. The 23 sites originally used in 2008-2009 to estimate by electrofishing the relative abundance and other characteristics of selected fish species and guilds to construct the IBI, were revisited in February 2010, to validate by direct inspection the type of land use/cover suggested by landscape information in digital databases. We analyzed the effect of seven types of land use/cover (agriculture, pasture, human settlements, water bodies, wetlands, forest, and secondary vegetation) on the IBI values, at four spatial scales, i.e., the percent of every land use/cover at progressively larger circles (125, 250, 500, and 1 000 m diameter) centered on the water body where the IBI value was measured. Correlations were established among the percent land/use cover by scale around 23 sites, and with their corresponding IBI values. Then, Student's t tests were calculated to examine significant differences in land use/cover between groups of localities above and below the median IBI value, and Mann-Whitney's U tests were applied to compare IBI values between localities with andwithout a given landscape cover. Agriculture, human settlements, and secondary vegetation correlated negatively with the IBI; forests positively. Differences were significant (p<0.05) for forest (higher in sites with higher IBI values) and human settlements (lower in sites with higher IBI). Of all the landscape categories located in the Hondo River basin, with the exception of pasture, those of anthropogenic origin tended to be detrimental to aquatic biotic integrity.

Resumen Los ambientes acuáticos en la cuenca del río Hondo, sureste de la península de Yucatán, enfrentan diversas amenazas. Algunos de estos impactos, e.g. contaminación por plaguicidas, pueden depender del uso de suelo o cobertura. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del uso del suelo/cobertura sobre un índice biótico de integridad (IBI) basado en peces, publicado previamente, diseñado para arroyos someros en esta cuenca. La hipótesis era que los usos del suelo que involucran deforestación y contaminación, entre ellos urbanización, ganadería o cultivo de caña de azúcar, se verían reflejados en valores bajos del IBI, por lo menos a ciertas escalas espaciales. Los 23 sitios usados originalmente para estimar por electropesca la abundancia relativa y otras características de especies y gremios selectos de peces, para construir el IBI, fueron visitados de nuevo en febrero 2010 para validar por inspección directa el tipo de uso del suelo/cobertura sugerido por la información de paisaje en bases de datos digitales. Se analizó el efecto de siete tipos de uso del suelo/cobertura (agricultura, ganadería, asentamientos humanos, cuerpos de agua, humedales, bosque y vegetación secundaria) sobre los valores del IBI, a cuatro escalas espaciales, i.e., el porcentaje de cada uso del suelo/cobertura en círculos progresivamente mayores (125, 250, 500 y 1 000 m de diámetro) centrados en el cuerpo de agua donde se midió el valor del IBI. Los porcentajes de uso del suelo/cobertura por escala se correlacionaron entre sí y con los valores correspondientes del IBI para explorar su asociación; luego, mediante pruebas t de Student se buscaron diferencias significativas en cobertura entre grupos de localidades por encima y por debajo del valor mediano del IBI, así como pruebas U de Mann-Whitney para comparar valores del IBI entre localidades con o sin una cobertura dada. La agricultura, asentamientos humanos y vegetación secundaria mostraron una relación negativa con el IBI, lo cual sugiere un impacto de las actividades humanas sobre la salud de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Las diferencias fueron significativas para el bosque (mayor en sitios con mejor integridad acuática) y los asentamientos humanos (menor en sitios con mayor valor del IBI). De todas las clases paisajísticas en la cuenca del río Hondo, las de origen antrópico, excepto los pastizales para ganadería, tendieron a ser perjudiciales para la integridad biótica acuática.

Estudio comparativo con membranas multifuncionales y apósitos húmedos a seco, en pacientes con heridas crónicas difíciles de curar. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado / RCT of Multfunctonal Membranes vs Traditional Methods for Chronic or Hard-to-Heal Wounds

Introducción: Conocida la dificultad en el tratamiento de heridas crónicas de difícil curación, nos hemos propuesto evaluar las diferencias del progreso de la cicatrización tras intervención con métodos avanzados (Membranas Multifuncionales) y métodos tradicionales (apósitos de gasa húmedos a seco), durante un período de estudio de 12 semanas. Metodología: Un total de 380 pacientes que se presentaron a la Clínica de Curaciones de Consulta Externa del Departamento de Cirugía del Hospital Roosevelt, con heridas crónicas difíciles de curar, fueron distribuidos para su tratamiento en entorno ambulatorio a uno de dos grupos: a. con métodos avanzados (Membranas Multifuncionales) y b. con métodos tradicionales (apósitos de gasa húmedos a seco). La distribución en cada grupo se realizó mediante aleatorización simple según la secuencia de presentación: casos impares, para tratamientos avanzados con Membranas Multifuncionales y casos pares: con curas tradicionales (apósitos húmedos a secos). El principal resultado de interés fue determinar la eficacia en relación con la formación de tejido de granulación y/o tejido epitelial en el lecho de la herida con los dos métodos de tratamiento, utilizando para su valoración la escala modificada de Houghton y colaboradores (Photographic Wound Assessment Tool- PWAT por sus siglas en inglés-) Resultados: De enero a octubre de 2014, se seleccionaron 380 pacientes elegibles y se asignaron al azar a 190 pacientes en cada grupo. 129 pacientes (92 del grupo de apósito húmedo a seco y 37 de la Membrana Multifuncional), no concluyeron el ensayo por el incumplimiento/abandono del protocolo, permaneciendo en el estudio 251 pacientes para el seguimiento. El tiempo establecido para la recolección de datos fue en las semanas 4, 8 y 12. A las cuatro semanas, en la primera evaluación, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 50% de los casos, en comparación con el 28% de los apósitos húmedos a secos. A las ocho semanas, en la segunda evaluación, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 71% de los casos, en comparación con el 50% de apósitos húmedos a secos. En la evaluación final a las doce semanas, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 85% de los casos, en comparación con el 58% de los apósitos húmedos a secos. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, en las heridas crónicas difíciles de curar, el grupo tratado con las membranas multifuncionales fue la alternativa que ofreció mayor éxito de cierre completo de la herida comparada con las lesiones tratadas con apósito húmedo a seco.

Introducton: Complicated chronic or difcult-to-heal wounds have led to propose the evaluaton between the diferences in progress of healing afer an interventon with advanced methods (Multfunctonal Membranes) and traditional methods (wet to dry gauze dressings), during a period of 12 weeks. Methods: From January to October 2014, 380 patents who presented at the Outpatient Wound Care Clinic of the Department of Surgery, Roosevelt Hospital, with chronic or difficult-to-heal wounds, were distributed for treatment in outpatient setting to one of two groups: a. with advanced methods (Multifunctional Membranes) and b. with traditional methods (wet-to-dry gauze dressings). The distribution in each group was made by simple randomization according to the presentation sequence: odd cases, for advanced treatments with Multifunctional Membranes and even cases: with traditional cures (wet to dry dressings). The main interest was to determine the efficacy in relation to the formation of granulation tissue and/or epithelial tissue in the wound bed with the two treatment methods, using for evaluation the modified scale of Houghton PWAT (Photographic Wound Assessment Tool). Results: 380 eligible patents were selected, and 190 patents were randomized in each group. 129 patents did not complete the trial due to noncompliance or dropout of the protocol, leaving 251 patents for follow-up. At four weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane had completely healed or almost closed in 50% of cases, compared with 28% of wet to dry gauze dressings. At eight weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane completely healed or almost closed in 71% of cases, compared with 50% of wet to dry gauze dressings. At twelve weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane had completely healed or almost closed in 85% of cases, compared with 58% of wet to dry gauze dressings. Conclusions: The group treated with the multfunctonal membranes was the alternatve that ofered the greatest success of complete closure of the wound compared with the lesions treated with wet-to-dry dressing.

Factibilidad del uso de bivalirudina como anticoagulante en soporte vital extracorpóreo / Experience with anticoagulation with bivalirudin during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used with increasing frequency in patients with respiratory and cardiac failure. The achievement of an adequate anticoagulation is critical to avoid patient and circuit complications. Aim: To assess the feasibility and safety of anticoagulation with bivalirudin, as an alternative to unfractionated heparin (UFH), in patient with ECMO. Material and Methods: Observational study, which included all patients receiving anticoagulation with bivalirudin during ECMO, according to a standardized protocol, between august 2015 to May 2016. Results: Bivalirudin was used in 13 out 70 patients connected to ECMO. Ten procedures were for cardiac support and three for respiratory support. Mortality was 43%. ECMO lasted 31 ± 31 days. The time of UFH use before changing to bivalirudin was 7 ± 7 days. The reasons to change to bivalirudin were inadequate levels of partial thromboplastin time (PTT) in nine patients, and heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in four patients. The time of bivalirudin use was 24 ± 33 days. Per patient, a mean of 2.7 ± 4 oxygenators were changed. These had a useful life of 11.4 and 19.1 days during UFH and bivalirudin use, respectively. The mean bivalirudin dose was 0.08 ± 0.04 mg/kg/h. There was no significant bleeding, thrombosis or circuit obstruction during its use. PTT levels (p < 0.01) and platelet count (p < 0.01) increased significantly after the start of bivalirudin use in patients with UHF resistance and HIT, respectively. Conclusions: Bivalirudin was a safe and efficient drug for anticoagulation during ECMO. It is important to have an alternative drug for anticoagulation in ECMO patients.

Parotiditis crónica recurrente infantil: una revisión actualizada de la literatura / Recurrent chronic parotiditis in childhood: an update of the literature

La parotiditis crónica recurrente infantil (PCRI) es una patología relevante. Su diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, pero se apoya en exámenes imagenológicos. El enfoque actual del tratamiento es diverso. El objetivo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre las características clínicas, exámenes complementarios, modelos etiopatogénicos y protocolos terapéuticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED utilizando los términos libres y términos MESH: PCRI, parotiditis recurrente, parotiditis crónica y parotiditis. Los filtros utilizados fueron pacientes humanos, hasta 18 años, con resumen. En el buscador Scielo se incluyeron los términos libes Parotiditis y crónica. Se incluyeron artículos publicados en idiomas inglés, español o portugués hasta el año 2017. RESULTADOS: En el buscador PUBMED se encontraron 119 artículos de los cuales sólo se incluyeron 44. La exclusión de los artículos restantes se debió a idioma, acceso al artículo o ausencia de relación entre el artículo y la revisión propuesta. En el buscador Scielo se encontraron 6 artículos de los cuales 5 fueron seleccionados. La evaluación multidisciplinaria permite el tratamiento oportuno. Su diagnóstico es clínico pero se apoya en exámenes imagenológicos, como la ecografía y la sialografía. CONCLUSIONES: El enfoque actual de tratamiento es conservador, y la mejor evidencia disponible apoya el uso de sialendoscopia con irrigación y administración de antibióticos y/o corticoides vía conducto parotídeo, sin embargo, existirían buenos resultados con lavados intraglandulares con soluciones fisiológicas sin necesidad de sialendoscopio.

Recurrent childhood chronic parotiditis (RCCP) is a relevant pathology. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical, but it relies on imaging tests. The current treatment approach is diverse. The aim of this article is to update the clinical features, complementary tests, etiopathogenic models and therapeutic protocols of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A bibliographic search was performed in PUBMED using the free terms and MESH terms: RCCP, recurrent parotiditis, chronic parotiditis and parotiditis. The filters used were human patients, up to 18 years old, with abstract. In SCIELO the free terms included were Parotiditis and chronic. Articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese until 2017 were included. RESULTS: In PUBMED 119 articles were found and 44 were included. The exclusion of the remaining articles was due to language, access to the article or absence of relationship between the article and the proposed revision. In SCIELO 6 articles were found 6 of which 5 were selected. The multidisciplinary asses of patients with RCCP is considered the appropriate treatment. Its diagnosis is clinical but it relies on imaging tests, such as echography and sialography. CONCLUSIONS: The current treatment approach is conservative, and the best available evidence supports the use of sialendoscopy with irrigation and administration of antibiotics and/or corticosteroids via the parotid duct. However, there would be proper results with intraglandular lavage with physiological solutions without the need for a sialendoscope.

Enfoque terapéutico para el síndrome de boca urente / Therapeutic approach for burning mouth syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome de boca urente (SBU), también conocido como estomatodinia o glosodinia, es una situación de dolor crónico que varía en su intensidad de moderado a severo y que se manifiesta como una disestesia ardiente relacionada a la lengua, pero también afecta frecuentemente la cara interna de los labios y la porción anterior del paladar duro. corresponde a una sensación de ardor continua, con una mucosa oral normal y de la cual no se puede encontrar ninguna causa dental o médica evidente. el SBU se divide en dos tipos: uno primario o idiopático, el cual no se puede asociar a ninguna otra patología, siendo un diagnóstico de exclusión; y uno secundario, el cual puede relacionarse a factores locales o generales, que puedan estar generándolo y que el tratamiento de esta causa conlleva a la resolución del problema. en esta revisión nos enfocaremos al tratamiento del SBU primario, del cual su fisiopatología aún no está clara, y la cual podría estar relacionada a factores periféricos como centrales, teniendo también un rol los problemas psicológicos. al no tener clara en su totalidad la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad, se hace muy difícil el poder tratarla. el objetivo de esta revisión es poder entregar herramientas actuales para su correcto diagnóstico y cuáles son los enfoques terapéuticos actuales que se están utilizando hoy para poder tratar esta enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION: burning mouth syndrome (BMS), also known as stomatodynia or glossodynia, is a chronic pain condition that ranges from moderate to severe, manifesting as a burning dysesthesia usually related to the tongue, but also frequently affects the inner face of the lips and the anterior portion of the hard palate. it corresponds to a continuous burning sensation, derived from a normal oral mucosa and from which no dental or medical cause can be found. the SBU is divided into two types: a primary or idiopathic one that cannot be associated with any other pathology, being a diagnosis of exclusion and a secondary one, which can be related to local or general factors that may be generating it and that the treatment of this cause leads to the resolution of the problem. in this review we will focus on the treatment of the primary SBU, of which its pathophysiology is still unclear, could be related to peripheral or central factors, with psychological problems also related. not being fully aware of the pathophysiology of this disease, it is very difficult to treat it. the objective of this review is to be able to deliver current tools that are being done to treat this disease

Implante valvular aórtico transarterial: experiencia en Chile / Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Experience in 17 patients

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is taking a leading role in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis. Valve replacement surgery prolongs survival and is the technique of choice considering its historical background and long experience worldwide. Recently however, TAVI has positioned itself as the only standard therapy for symptomatic patients who are not candidates for surgery. Aim: To report the experience with this new technique comparing our results with those reported in the literature. Material and Methods: Between May 2010 and December 2011,17patients aged 81 ± 7.3 years (58.8% men with an Euro SCORE 29 ± 22.4%) underwent a TAVI. Results: The median transvalvular gradient was 54 ± 15.7 mmHg. All patients received a CoreValveTM. Technical success was 100%, with a post implant gradient of 6.29 ± 3.3 mmHg. Residual aortic regurgita-tion was observed in 94%, none greater than grade II. There were no complications at the vascular access site. One patient developed cardiac tamponade during the procedure. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 35.2%. Hospital mortality rate was 5.8%, a figure that remained unchanged at 30 days offollow-up. Conclusions: In high-risk patients with aortic stenosis, TAVI has a high success rate and a low rate of complications. Besides an appropriate patient selection, a trained multidisciplinary team and technical conditions to solve possible complications of the procedure are required.

Physical activity is a prognostic factor for bone mineral density in Mexican children

Background. Bone mass is similar in pre-pubertal girls and boys and double in both genders between the onset of puberty and early adult life. Exogenous factors such as nutrition and exercise contribute to the acquisition of bone mass. The objective of this project was to correlate calcium intake and level of physical activity with bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of Mexican school-age children. Methods. Avalidated questionnaire was applied. The questionnaire included the following dimensions: (a) sociodemographic information, (b) type of sports and games that involved physical activity and hours per week dedicated to them, (c) inactivity measured by hours expended watching TV or playing videogames per day and (d) dietary calcium. After completing the questionnaire, the children were invited to have a BMD and total body composition assessment using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Prodigy LUNAR). Results. In this cross-sectional study, 212 children were included, 48.6% were girls. The average total BMD in boys and girls was 0.8805 ± 0.056 g/cm² and 0.8788 ± 0.056g/cm², respectively, with significant differences in the groups of 10- and 12-year-old girls. An average of 10.9 ± 6.48 h of weekly physical activity was reported in boys and 10.6 ± 7.31 h in girls. Number of glasses of milk consumed was reported (1.7 ± 0.95 and 1.33 ± 0.91) per day in boys and girls, respectively. Differences in BMD in 10- and 12-year-old girls adjusted according to menarche were found. In the linear regression analysis, lean body mass was significantly associated with total, L2-L4, pelvis, and forearm BMD. Physical activity was significantly associated with leg BMD and age was associated with pelvis and forearm BMD. Conclusions. High lean body mass, menarche and regular intense physical activity are predictors for a higher BMD in school-age children in Mexico City.